MODERN BUSINESS IN COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Kyoto Sangyo University
Autumn 2000
Tuesday 9:00-10:30

Associate Professor Tsuguyoshi Ueno

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course examines the comparative business history. By focusing on the business firm and its management, business history differs from economic history, which look at the macroeconomic features of a nation or a global economic trend.

The course is organized topically. The aim of this course is to explore important questions and issues in the development of the firm and its management practices in Japan and the United States, rather than to provide a comprehensive account of the history of both countries.

This course is intended for upper level undergraduates. Modern Management in Historical Perspective or Business History is a prerequisite. Although comparative business history is an interdisciplinary field of study, with close relationships to e.g. history, economics, politics, sociology or geography, no prior knowledge of these disciplines is required.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS and RULES OF THE GAME
1. Attending the class discussion is required. There will be no exams. Absence is excused in the case of emergency. If you are ill, please stay home and get well. If for any family or medical reason you find it necessary to be absent from school, you must contact me as soon as possible (e-mail is the easiest way of communication) and get my consent to your absence.

2. You are expected to make oral (group) presentations to the class on a topic chosen in consultation with the instructor. Oral presentations take advantage of an effective learning device: presenting and explaining material to others. Presentations will generally run from 15 to 30 minutes in length. Students in each group may allocate the work as they see fit, with the understanding that all members will receive the same grade on each presentation. Therefore, work should be divided more or less equally.

During the second week of the course each of you will select a presentation group consisting of 3 or 4 students. These groups will share with me the responsibility for selecting and presenting subject matter to the entire class. Each group will select particular themes or topics, and will report on these themes two or three times during the course (depending on the number of students). Examples of such themes and topics include: development of mass production, the labor policy of the Ford Motor Co., scientific management in Japan, etc.

3. You will also submit written topic summaries typed on A4 (or 8 by 11 heavy weight) paper in English or Japanese. Each paper can not exceed two pages in length (no separate title page or endnote page) including footnotes (see also the format requirements below). These summaries should highlight the more significant and controversial findings from the research conducted while preparing for the oral presentations. Attached to the summaries should be a set of specific questions pertaining to each article or chapter(s) read in the course of the research. Generating questions is another useful learning device; it converts "assignments to be gotten through" into learning experiences with specific objectives. Each summary will be the responsibility of an individual group member, who will receive an individual grade for that written work.

If you would like to have a job that offers a challenge, you can write a short critical essay instead of topic summaries. Each critical essay is not to exceed two pages in length including footnotes. These essays are not research papers. Do not search out other sources in the library. Focus on the assigned readings and the class discussions and present a critical assessment on a relatively narrow and specific issue covered. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of one of the important arguments encountered, what makes an argument or point of view convincing or unconvincing. In your critique concentrate on how economic or business historical reasoning and evidence are used or could be used to weaken or strength the argument discussed.

4. You are required to write a research paper in English or Japanese. The paper should demonstrate your ability to use business historical reasoning to understand historical events.The paper is intended to be a stimulating project which will engage you for the whole semester. Half the task of writing a paper is finding a topic. To help you with that search, you must submit a brief statement concerning your proposed topic by November 28 and see myself during office hours to talk about it. Try to submit it even earlier in the semester. Don't wait until the last minute. You can change the paper topic after November 28, but be sure to let me know if you do.

Paper Format Requirements: The papers must be typed on A4 (or 8 by 11 heavy weight) paper with at least a one inch margin on all sides, on a single side of the page only, and with the text either single, one and a half, or double spaced (be consistent). The endnotes (footnotes) should be single spaced and placed at the end of the paper (no bibliographies) and within the 2 page limit. With regard to quotation, footnote, or endnote style follow Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). Footnote style is also available from http://www.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~ueno/students/form.html; Internet.

Each paper must have at least one endnote which identifies the reading that you are summarizing or evaluating. See the required reading list below for proper footnote style for these readings. Failure to follow any of these format requirements will result in penalty points being subtracted form the score for the paper. The size of the penalty points will depend on the degree of format error, and the degree of error will be my arbitrary decision with no appeals. Only the first paper will be exempt from the format error deductions.

5. GRADING: Your final grade will be a composite of grades received on the various course requirements. About equal weight will be given to each requirements, the oral presentations, the written summaries, the research paper, and class participation and discussion. However, I specifically reserve the right to double weight the research paper or to consider attendance when a student has shown marked improvement during the course or is in a borderline situation.

6. Before beginning this course, you should teach yourself about the Kyoto Sangyo University's Information System (KIS) with KSU Computer Center's Guide for Internet Users (Japanese edition only). 京都産業大学計算機センター『コンピュータガイド――インターネット編――』(2000).

OFFICE HOURS
If you have any questions about or problems with this course, do not hesitate to contact me. I will hold office hours on Tuesday, from 10:30 to 11:30, and on Thursday, from 14:40 to 15:40. In addition, I am available by appointment. My office is 151 Economics & Business Administration Building. Phone number is: 705-1918. My e-mail address is .

COURSE OUTLINE and SUGGESTED READINGS
I. Introduction

A. Comparative Perspectives on the History of the Business Firm and its Management

B. The Case of Automobile Industry

II. Creative Response

A. Meanings of Mass Production: Ford Motor Co.
David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), ch. 6. The Japanese translation is also available: デーヴィッド・A. ハウンシェル『アメリカン・システムから大量生産へ，1800-1932』和田一夫，金井光太郎，藤原道夫訳 (名古屋大学出版会, 1998), 第６章.
Stephen Meyer, III, The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921 (Albany: Sate University of New York Press, 1981).
富澤克美「大量生産体制確立期アメリカにおける労働者統合化の試み──私的福祉資本主義成立前史──」福島大学『商学論集』第67巻第1号 (1998): 29-58.

B. Strategy and Structure: General Motors Corp.
Hounshell, From the American System, ch. 7; ハウンシェル『アメリカン・システムから大量生産へ』, 第７章.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1962), ch. 3. The Japanese translation: アルフレッド・D. チャンドラー, Jr.『経営戦略と組織――米国企業の事業制成立史』三菱経済研究所訳 (実業之日本社, 1967), 第３章.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., comp. & ed., Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors and Automobile Industry (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964).
Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., My Years with General Motors, John McDonald and Catharine Stevens, eds. (New York, 1964). The Japanese translation: アルフレッド・スローン『ＧＭとともに』田中融二, 狩野貞子, 石川博友v訳 (ダイヤモンド社, 1967).
加護野忠男「戦略と組織──問題情況と研究の方向──」および，加護野忠男，野中郁次郎，榊原清則，奥村昭博「日米企業の戦略と組織──日米企業の平均像の比較──」伊丹敬之，加護野忠男，伊藤元重編『日本の企業システム第２巻：組織と戦略』(有斐閣, 1993), 1-22, 107-44.

C. Japanese Manufacturing Systems: Toyota Motor Co.
Banri Asanuma, "Japanese Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill," Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 3 (1989): 1-30.
浅沼萬里「日本におけるメーカーとサプライヤーとの関係──関係特殊的技能の概念の抽出と定式化──」『経済論叢』第145巻第1号 (1990): 74-96.）
Michael Cusumano, The Japanese Automobile Industry: Technology and Management at Nissan and Toyota (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985).
Eisuke Daito, "Automation and the Organization of Production in the Japanese Automobile Industry: Nissan and Toyota in the 1950s," Enterprise & Society 1 (March 2000): 139-78.
武田晴人「自動車産業──1950年代後半の合理化を中心に──」武田晴人編『日本産業発展のダイナミズム』(東京大学出版会, 1995), 191-242.
Taiichi Ohno, "How the Toyota Production System was Created?" Japanese Economic Studies 10 (Summer 1982): 83-101.
大野耐一『トヨタ生産方式──脱規模の経営をめざして──』(ダイヤモンド社, 1978).

D. Toward the Flexible Manufacturing System
Paul Milgrom and John Roberts, "The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy, and Organization," American Economic Review 80 (1990): 511-28.
浅沼萬里『日本の企業組織・革新的適応のメカニズム──長期取引関係の構造と機能──』(東洋経済新報社, 1997). Asanuma's English articles are also available. See bibliography of this book.
伊藤元重「温室の中での競争──日本の産業政策と日本の自動車産業──」伊丹敬之，加護野忠男，伊藤元重編『日本の企業システム第４巻：企業と市場』(有斐閣, 1993), 214-45.
中岡哲郎『工場の哲学──組織と人間──』(平凡社, 1971), 第７章.

III. Men in Business

A. Scientific Management in the U.S. and Japan
Daniel Nelson, Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980). The Japanese translation: ダニエル・ネルスン『科学的管理の生成』小林康助ほか訳. 同文舘, 1991.
Dan Clawson, Bureaucracy and the Labor Process: The Transformation of U.S. Industry, 1860-1920 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980). The Japanese translation: ダン・クロースン『科学的管理生成史』今井斉, 百田義治, 中川誠士訳 (森山書店, 1995).
Daniel Nelson, "'A Newly Appreciated Art': The Development of Personnel Work at Leeds & Northrup, 1915-1923," Business History Review 44 (Winter 1970): 520-35.
Daniel Nelson and Stuart Campbell, "Taylorism Versus Welfare Work in American Industry: H. L. Gantt and the Bancrofts," Business History Review 46 (Spring 1972): 1-16.
Daniel Nelson, "Scientific Management, Systematic Management, and Labor, 1880-1915," Business History Review 48 (Winter 1974): 479-500.
Eisuke Daito, "Railways and Scientific Management in Japan, 1907-30," Business History 31 (January 1989).

B. Safety Movement and the Revision of Scientific Management
Mark Aldrich, Safety First: Technology, Labor, and Business in the Building of American Work Safety, 1870-1939 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
上野継義「イリノイ製鋼社における安全委員会活動と雇用管理の近代化――1907〜1916年――」『経営史学』第29巻第1号 (April 1994): 1-30.
上野継義「革新主義期アメリカにおける安全運動と移民労働者――セイフティ・マンによる『安全の福音』伝道――」『アメリカ研究』31 (March 1997): 19-40.
Alan Derickson, "Making Human Junk: Child Labor as a Health Issue in the Progressive Era," American Journal of Public Health 82 (September 1992): 1280-90.

C. Labor Management Reform
William M. Tsutsui, Manufacturing Ideology: Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998). 熊沢誠『日本の労働者像』(筑摩書房, 1981), 第５章. The English translation is also available.
壽永欣三郎, 野中いずみ「アメリカ経営管理技法の導入と変容」山崎広明, 橘川武郎編『日本経営史４：「日本的」経営の連続と断絶』(岩波書店, 1995), 159-90. 法政大学産業情報センター編『日本企業の品質管理──経営史的研究──』(有斐閣, 1995).
Sanford M. Jacoby, "Pacific Ties: Industrial Relations and Employment Systems in Japan and the United States since 1900," in Nelson Lichtenstein and Howell John Harris, eds., Industrial Democracy in America: The Ambiguous Promise (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 206-48.
Ｔ.Ｌ.ベッサー『トヨタの米国工場経営――チーム文化とアメリカ人――』鈴木良始訳 (北海道大学図書刊行会, 1999).
Mike Parker, "Industrial Relations Myth and Shop-floor Reality: The 'Team Concept' in the Auto Industry," in Lichtenstein and Harris, eds., Industrial Democracy in America, 249-74.

IV. Business Environment

A. The Economy of High Wages: The Emergence of the "Average Man"
Richard S. Tedlow, New and Improved: The Story of Mass Marketing in America (Basic Books, 1990). The Japanese translation is also available: リチャード・テドロー『マス・マーケティング史』近藤文男監訳 (ミネルヴァ書房, 1993).
"Increasing Both Wealth and Wages Through Increased Production: An Editorial Survey of the Epoch-Making and Increasingly Rapid Advance in Mechanical Science," Industrial Management 66 (September 1923): 129-33.

B. Mass Society: America's Quest for Informal Empire Through Consumerism
Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (1973; New York: Vintage Books, 1974). The Japanese translation is also available: ダニエル・Ｊ.ブアスティン『アメリカ人――大量消費社会の生活と文化（上）（下）』新川健三郎訳 (河出書房新社 1976).
Olivier Zunz, Why the American Century? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). [Peter Wardley, "Review," Enterprise & Society 1 (March 2000): 218-20.] 藤田田『勝てば官軍』(ＫＫベストセラーズ).

C. Business Ethics in the Era of Global Economy
Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons (New York, 1962).
Graham Adams, Jr., Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1915: The Activities and Findings of the United States Commission on Industrial Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).
Christine Meisner Rosen and Christopher C. Sellers, "The Nature of the Firm: Towards an Ecocultural History of Business," Business History Review 73 (Winter 1999): 577-600.
Nike, "Child Labor and Soccer Balls," available from http://www.nikebiz.com/labor/ch_ soccer.shtml; Internet; accessed 2 July 2000.

＊Handout and additional reading list will be distributed in class. In addition, there are suggested readings on the web; available from http://www.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~ueno/biblio/index.html; Internet.