| | |
- Tkinter.Frame(Tkinter.Widget)
-
- ScrolledCanvas
- __builtin__.object
-
- Shape
- __builtin__.tuple(__builtin__.object)
-
- Vec2D
- exceptions.Exception(exceptions.BaseException)
-
- Terminator
- TNavigator(__builtin__.object)
-
- RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator)
-
- Turtle
- TPen(__builtin__.object)
-
- RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator)
-
- Turtle
- TurtleScreenBase(__builtin__.object)
-
- TurtleScreen
Pen = class Turtle(RawTurtle) |
| |
RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
|
| |
- Method resolution order:
- Turtle
- RawTurtle
- TPen
- TNavigator
- __builtin__.object
Methods defined here:
- __init__(self, shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
Methods inherited from RawTurtle:
- begin_fill(self)
- Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- begin_poly(self)
- Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
is first point of polygon.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
- clear(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
No arguments.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
turtles are not affected.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.clear()
- clearstamp(self, stampid)
- Delete stamp with given stampid
Argument:
stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
- clearstamps(self, n=None)
- Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
Optional argument:
n -- an integer
If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
...
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
- clone(self)
- Create and return a clone of the turtle.
No argument.
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
and turtle properties.
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
mick = Turtle()
joe = mick.clone()
- dot(self, size=None, *color)
- Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
Optional arguments:
size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
- end_fill(self)
- Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- end_poly(self)
- Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.end_poly()
- fill(self, flag=None)
- Call fill(True) before drawing a shape to fill, fill(False) when done.
Optional argument:
flag -- True/False (or 1/0 respectively)
Call fill(True) before drawing the shape you want to fill,
and fill(False) when done.
When used without argument: return fillstate (True if filling,
False else)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fill(True)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.fill(False)
- get_poly(self)
- Return the lastly recorded polygon.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
- getpen = getturtle(self)
- Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
- getscreen(self)
- Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
No argument.
Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
- getturtle(self)
- Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
- onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
it will replace a former binding.
Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
>>> def turn(x, y):
... left(360)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
- ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
down).
- onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> joe = MyTurtle()
>>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
>>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
transparent.
- reset(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
No argument.
,
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
and set variables to the default values.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
- settiltangle(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
Optional argument:
angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- setundobuffer(self, size)
- Set or disable undobuffer.
Argument:
size -- an integer or None
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
by the undo() function.
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
- shape(self, name=None)
- Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
Optional argument:
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
return name of current shape.
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape()
'arrow'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
- shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
- stamp(self)
- Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
No argument.
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
13
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tilt(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
Argument:
angle - a number
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tiltangle(self)
- Return the current tilt-angle.
No argument.
Return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the
orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle
(its direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
- tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None)
- Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... turtle.fd(dist)
... turtle.rt(90)
... dist += 2
- turtlesize = shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
- undo(self)
- undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
No argument.
undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
the undobuffer.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
...
- undobufferentries(self)
- Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
- window_height(self)
- Return the height of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_height()
480
- window_width(self)
- Returns the width of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_width()
640
- write(self, arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))
- Write text at the current turtle position.
Arguments:
arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
move (optional) -- True/False
align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
and with the given font.
If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
of the text. By default, move is False.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
Data and other attributes inherited from RawTurtle:
- screens = []
Methods inherited from TPen:
- color(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
Arguments:
Several input formats are allowed.
They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
color()
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
by pencolor and fillcolor.
color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
to the given value.
color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
and analogously, if the other input format is used.
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
is drawn with the newly set colors.
For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> colormode(255)
>>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
>>> color()
('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
- down = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- fillcolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the fillcolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- fillcolor()
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- fillcolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- fillcolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- fillcolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
- hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- ht = hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- isdown(self)
- Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True
- isvisible(self)
- Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> print turtle.isvisible():
False
- pd = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pen(self, pen=None, **pendict)
- Return or set the pen's attributes.
Arguments:
pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
**pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
listed keys as keywords.
Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
with the following key/value pairs:
"shown" : True/False
"pendown" : True/False
"pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"pensize" : positive number
"speed" : number in range 0..10
"resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
"stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
"outline" : positive number
"tilt" : number
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow","")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> p.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
- pencolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- pencolor()
Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- pencolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- pencolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- pencolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set pencolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'#33cc8c'
- pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
- penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- pu = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- resizemode(self, rmode=None)
- Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
(Optional) Argument:
rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
Different resizemodes have the following effects:
- "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
corresponding to the value of pensize.
- "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
which are set by shapesize()
- "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
- showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- speed(self, speed=None)
- Return or set the turtle's speed.
Optional argument:
speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
If no argument is given: return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
speed is set to 0.
Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
'fastest' : 0
'fast' : 10
'normal' : 6
'slow' : 3
'slowest' : 1
speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
line drawing and turtle turning.
Attention:
speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.speed(3)
- st = showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- up = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- width = pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
Data descriptors inherited from TPen:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
- __weakref__
- list of weak references to the object (if defined)
Methods inherited from TNavigator:
- back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- backward = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- bk = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- circle(self, radius, extent=None, steps=None)
- Draw a circle with given radius.
Arguments:
radius -- a number
extent (optional) -- a number
steps (optional) -- an integer
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
polygons.
call: circle(radius) # full circle
--or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
--or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
--or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
- degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0)
- Set angle measurement units to degrees.
Optional argument:
fullcircle - a number
Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is
360 degrees.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100
- distance(self, x, y=None)
- Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> pen = Turtle()
>>> pen.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(pen)
77.0
- fd = forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- heading(self)
- Return the turtle's current heading.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- home(self)
- Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
No arguments.
Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.home()
- left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- lt = left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- position = pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- radians(self)
- Set the angle measurement units to radians.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
90
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
- right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- rt = right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- seth = setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setpos = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setposition = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setx(self, x)
- Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
Argument:
x -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00, 240.00)
- sety(self, y)
- Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
Argument:
y -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, -10.00)
- towards(self, x, y=None)
- Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
modes - "standard" or "logo")
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(10.00, 10.00)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
- xcor(self)
- Return the turtle's x coordinate.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.xcor()
50.0
- ycor(self)
- Return the turtle's y coordinate
---
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.ycor()
86.6025403784
Data and other attributes inherited from TNavigator:
- DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
- DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
- DEFAULT_MODE = 'standard'
- START_ORIENTATION = {'logo': (0.00,1.00), 'standard': (1.00,0.00), 'world': (1.00,0.00)}
|
RawPen = class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator) |
| |
Animation part of the RawTurtle.
Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for
its animation.
|
| |
- Method resolution order:
- RawTurtle
- TPen
- TNavigator
- __builtin__.object
Methods defined here:
- __init__(self, canvas=None, shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
- begin_fill(self)
- Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- begin_poly(self)
- Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
is first point of polygon.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
- clear(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
No arguments.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
turtles are not affected.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.clear()
- clearstamp(self, stampid)
- Delete stamp with given stampid
Argument:
stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
- clearstamps(self, n=None)
- Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
Optional argument:
n -- an integer
If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
...
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
- clone(self)
- Create and return a clone of the turtle.
No argument.
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
and turtle properties.
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
mick = Turtle()
joe = mick.clone()
- dot(self, size=None, *color)
- Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
Optional arguments:
size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
- end_fill(self)
- Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- end_poly(self)
- Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.end_poly()
- fill(self, flag=None)
- Call fill(True) before drawing a shape to fill, fill(False) when done.
Optional argument:
flag -- True/False (or 1/0 respectively)
Call fill(True) before drawing the shape you want to fill,
and fill(False) when done.
When used without argument: return fillstate (True if filling,
False else)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fill(True)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.fill(False)
- get_poly(self)
- Return the lastly recorded polygon.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
- getpen = getturtle(self)
- getscreen(self)
- Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
No argument.
Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
- getturtle(self)
- Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
- onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
it will replace a former binding.
Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
>>> def turn(x, y):
... left(360)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
- ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
down).
- onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> joe = MyTurtle()
>>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
>>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
transparent.
- reset(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
No argument.
,
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
and set variables to the default values.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
- settiltangle(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
Optional argument:
angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- setundobuffer(self, size)
- Set or disable undobuffer.
Argument:
size -- an integer or None
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
by the undo() function.
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
- shape(self, name=None)
- Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
Optional argument:
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
return name of current shape.
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape()
'arrow'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
- shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
- stamp(self)
- Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
No argument.
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
13
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tilt(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
Argument:
angle - a number
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tiltangle(self)
- Return the current tilt-angle.
No argument.
Return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the
orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle
(its direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
- tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None)
- Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... turtle.fd(dist)
... turtle.rt(90)
... dist += 2
- turtlesize = shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- undo(self)
- undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
No argument.
undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
the undobuffer.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
...
- undobufferentries(self)
- Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
- window_height(self)
- Return the height of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_height()
480
- window_width(self)
- Returns the width of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_width()
640
- write(self, arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))
- Write text at the current turtle position.
Arguments:
arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
move (optional) -- True/False
align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
and with the given font.
If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
of the text. By default, move is False.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
Data and other attributes defined here:
- screens = []
Methods inherited from TPen:
- color(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
Arguments:
Several input formats are allowed.
They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
color()
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
by pencolor and fillcolor.
color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
to the given value.
color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
and analogously, if the other input format is used.
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
is drawn with the newly set colors.
For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> colormode(255)
>>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
>>> color()
('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
- down = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- fillcolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the fillcolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- fillcolor()
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- fillcolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- fillcolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- fillcolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
- hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- ht = hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- isdown(self)
- Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True
- isvisible(self)
- Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> print turtle.isvisible():
False
- pd = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pen(self, pen=None, **pendict)
- Return or set the pen's attributes.
Arguments:
pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
**pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
listed keys as keywords.
Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
with the following key/value pairs:
"shown" : True/False
"pendown" : True/False
"pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"pensize" : positive number
"speed" : number in range 0..10
"resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
"stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
"outline" : positive number
"tilt" : number
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow","")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> p.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
- pencolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- pencolor()
Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- pencolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- pencolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- pencolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set pencolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'#33cc8c'
- pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
- penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- pu = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- resizemode(self, rmode=None)
- Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
(Optional) Argument:
rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
Different resizemodes have the following effects:
- "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
corresponding to the value of pensize.
- "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
which are set by shapesize()
- "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
- showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- speed(self, speed=None)
- Return or set the turtle's speed.
Optional argument:
speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
If no argument is given: return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
speed is set to 0.
Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
'fastest' : 0
'fast' : 10
'normal' : 6
'slow' : 3
'slowest' : 1
speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
line drawing and turtle turning.
Attention:
speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.speed(3)
- st = showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- up = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- width = pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
Data descriptors inherited from TPen:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
- __weakref__
- list of weak references to the object (if defined)
Methods inherited from TNavigator:
- back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- backward = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- bk = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- circle(self, radius, extent=None, steps=None)
- Draw a circle with given radius.
Arguments:
radius -- a number
extent (optional) -- a number
steps (optional) -- an integer
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
polygons.
call: circle(radius) # full circle
--or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
--or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
--or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
- degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0)
- Set angle measurement units to degrees.
Optional argument:
fullcircle - a number
Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is
360 degrees.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100
- distance(self, x, y=None)
- Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> pen = Turtle()
>>> pen.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(pen)
77.0
- fd = forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- heading(self)
- Return the turtle's current heading.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- home(self)
- Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
No arguments.
Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.home()
- left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- lt = left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- position = pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- radians(self)
- Set the angle measurement units to radians.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
90
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
- right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- rt = right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- seth = setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setpos = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setposition = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setx(self, x)
- Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
Argument:
x -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00, 240.00)
- sety(self, y)
- Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
Argument:
y -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, -10.00)
- towards(self, x, y=None)
- Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
modes - "standard" or "logo")
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(10.00, 10.00)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
- xcor(self)
- Return the turtle's x coordinate.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.xcor()
50.0
- ycor(self)
- Return the turtle's y coordinate
---
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.ycor()
86.6025403784
Data and other attributes inherited from TNavigator:
- DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
- DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
- DEFAULT_MODE = 'standard'
- START_ORIENTATION = {'logo': (0.00,1.00), 'standard': (1.00,0.00), 'world': (1.00,0.00)}
|
class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator) |
| |
Animation part of the RawTurtle.
Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for
its animation.
|
| |
- Method resolution order:
- RawTurtle
- TPen
- TNavigator
- __builtin__.object
Methods defined here:
- __init__(self, canvas=None, shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
- begin_fill(self)
- Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- begin_poly(self)
- Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
is first point of polygon.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
- clear(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
No arguments.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
turtles are not affected.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.clear()
- clearstamp(self, stampid)
- Delete stamp with given stampid
Argument:
stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
- clearstamps(self, n=None)
- Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
Optional argument:
n -- an integer
If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
...
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
- clone(self)
- Create and return a clone of the turtle.
No argument.
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
and turtle properties.
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
mick = Turtle()
joe = mick.clone()
- dot(self, size=None, *color)
- Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
Optional arguments:
size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
- end_fill(self)
- Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- end_poly(self)
- Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.end_poly()
- fill(self, flag=None)
- Call fill(True) before drawing a shape to fill, fill(False) when done.
Optional argument:
flag -- True/False (or 1/0 respectively)
Call fill(True) before drawing the shape you want to fill,
and fill(False) when done.
When used without argument: return fillstate (True if filling,
False else)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fill(True)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.fill(False)
- get_poly(self)
- Return the lastly recorded polygon.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
- getpen = getturtle(self)
- getscreen(self)
- Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
No argument.
Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
- getturtle(self)
- Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
- onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
it will replace a former binding.
Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
>>> def turn(x, y):
... left(360)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
- ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
down).
- onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> joe = MyTurtle()
>>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
>>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
transparent.
- reset(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
No argument.
,
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
and set variables to the default values.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
- settiltangle(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
Optional argument:
angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- setundobuffer(self, size)
- Set or disable undobuffer.
Argument:
size -- an integer or None
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
by the undo() function.
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
- shape(self, name=None)
- Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
Optional argument:
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
return name of current shape.
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape()
'arrow'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
- shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
- stamp(self)
- Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
No argument.
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
13
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tilt(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
Argument:
angle - a number
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tiltangle(self)
- Return the current tilt-angle.
No argument.
Return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the
orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle
(its direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
- tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None)
- Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... turtle.fd(dist)
... turtle.rt(90)
... dist += 2
- turtlesize = shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- undo(self)
- undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
No argument.
undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
the undobuffer.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
...
- undobufferentries(self)
- Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
- window_height(self)
- Return the height of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_height()
480
- window_width(self)
- Returns the width of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_width()
640
- write(self, arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))
- Write text at the current turtle position.
Arguments:
arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
move (optional) -- True/False
align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
and with the given font.
If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
of the text. By default, move is False.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
Data and other attributes defined here:
- screens = []
Methods inherited from TPen:
- color(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
Arguments:
Several input formats are allowed.
They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
color()
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
by pencolor and fillcolor.
color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
to the given value.
color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
and analogously, if the other input format is used.
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
is drawn with the newly set colors.
For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> colormode(255)
>>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
>>> color()
('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
- down = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- fillcolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the fillcolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- fillcolor()
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- fillcolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- fillcolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- fillcolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
- hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- ht = hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- isdown(self)
- Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True
- isvisible(self)
- Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> print turtle.isvisible():
False
- pd = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pen(self, pen=None, **pendict)
- Return or set the pen's attributes.
Arguments:
pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
**pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
listed keys as keywords.
Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
with the following key/value pairs:
"shown" : True/False
"pendown" : True/False
"pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"pensize" : positive number
"speed" : number in range 0..10
"resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
"stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
"outline" : positive number
"tilt" : number
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow","")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> p.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
- pencolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- pencolor()
Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- pencolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- pencolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- pencolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set pencolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'#33cc8c'
- pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
- penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- pu = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- resizemode(self, rmode=None)
- Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
(Optional) Argument:
rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
Different resizemodes have the following effects:
- "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
corresponding to the value of pensize.
- "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
which are set by shapesize()
- "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
- showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- speed(self, speed=None)
- Return or set the turtle's speed.
Optional argument:
speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
If no argument is given: return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
speed is set to 0.
Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
'fastest' : 0
'fast' : 10
'normal' : 6
'slow' : 3
'slowest' : 1
speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
line drawing and turtle turning.
Attention:
speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.speed(3)
- st = showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- up = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- width = pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
Data descriptors inherited from TPen:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
- __weakref__
- list of weak references to the object (if defined)
Methods inherited from TNavigator:
- back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- backward = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- bk = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- circle(self, radius, extent=None, steps=None)
- Draw a circle with given radius.
Arguments:
radius -- a number
extent (optional) -- a number
steps (optional) -- an integer
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
polygons.
call: circle(radius) # full circle
--or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
--or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
--or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
- degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0)
- Set angle measurement units to degrees.
Optional argument:
fullcircle - a number
Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is
360 degrees.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100
- distance(self, x, y=None)
- Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> pen = Turtle()
>>> pen.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(pen)
77.0
- fd = forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- heading(self)
- Return the turtle's current heading.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- home(self)
- Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
No arguments.
Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.home()
- left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- lt = left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- position = pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- radians(self)
- Set the angle measurement units to radians.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
90
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
- right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- rt = right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- seth = setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setpos = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setposition = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setx(self, x)
- Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
Argument:
x -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00, 240.00)
- sety(self, y)
- Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
Argument:
y -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, -10.00)
- towards(self, x, y=None)
- Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
modes - "standard" or "logo")
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(10.00, 10.00)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
- xcor(self)
- Return the turtle's x coordinate.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.xcor()
50.0
- ycor(self)
- Return the turtle's y coordinate
---
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.ycor()
86.6025403784
Data and other attributes inherited from TNavigator:
- DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
- DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
- DEFAULT_MODE = 'standard'
- START_ORIENTATION = {'logo': (0.00,1.00), 'standard': (1.00,0.00), 'world': (1.00,0.00)}
|
class ScrolledCanvas(Tkinter.Frame) |
| |
Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book.
Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when
using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class.
|
| |
- Method resolution order:
- ScrolledCanvas
- Tkinter.Frame
- Tkinter.Widget
- Tkinter.BaseWidget
- Tkinter.Misc
- Tkinter.Pack
- Tkinter.Place
- Tkinter.Grid
Methods defined here:
- __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350, canvwidth=600, canvheight=500)
- addtag(self, *args, **kw)
- addtag_above(self, *args, **kw)
- addtag_all(self, *args, **kw)
- addtag_below(self, *args, **kw)
- addtag_closest(self, *args, **kw)
- addtag_enclosed(self, *args, **kw)
- addtag_overlapping(self, *args, **kw)
- addtag_withtag(self, *args, **kw)
- adjustScrolls(self)
- Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size.
- bbox(self, *args)
- 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- bind(self, *args, **kwargs)
- 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- canvasx(self, *args, **kw)
- canvasy(self, *args, **kw)
- cget(self, *args, **kwargs)
- 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- config(self, *args, **kwargs)
- 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- coords(self, *args, **kw)
- create_arc(self, *args, **kw)
- create_bitmap(self, *args, **kw)
- create_image(self, *args, **kw)
- create_line(self, *args, **kw)
- create_oval(self, *args, **kw)
- create_polygon(self, *args, **kw)
- create_rectangle(self, *args, **kw)
- create_text(self, *args, **kw)
- create_window(self, *args, **kw)
- dchars(self, *args, **kw)
- delete(self, *args, **kw)
- dtag(self, *args, **kw)
- find(self, *args, **kw)
- find_above(self, *args, **kw)
- find_all(self, *args, **kw)
- find_below(self, *args, **kw)
- find_closest(self, *args, **kw)
- find_enclosed(self, *args, **kw)
- find_overlapping(self, *args, **kw)
- find_withtag(self, *args, **kw)
- focus_force(self)
- 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- gettags(self, *args, **kw)
- icursor(self, *args, **kw)
- index(self, *args, **kw)
- insert(self, *args, **kw)
- itemcget(self, *args, **kw)
- itemconfig(self, *args, **kw)
- itemconfigure(self, *args, **kw)
- move(self, *args, **kw)
- onResize(self, event)
- self-explanatory
- postscript(self, *args, **kw)
- reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)
- Adjust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size.
- scale(self, *args, **kw)
- scan_dragto(self, *args, **kw)
- scan_mark(self, *args, **kw)
- select_adjust(self, *args, **kw)
- select_clear(self, *args, **kw)
- select_from(self, *args, **kw)
- select_item(self, *args, **kw)
- select_to(self, *args, **kw)
- tag_bind(self, *args, **kw)
- tag_lower(self, *args, **kw)
- tag_raise(self, *args, **kw)
- tag_unbind(self, *args, **kw)
- type(self, *args, **kw)
- unbind(self, *args, **kwargs)
- 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited...
- xview(self, *args, **kw)
- xview_moveto(self, *args, **kw)
- xview_scroll(self, *args, **kw)
- yview(self, *args, **kw)
- yview_moveto(self, *args, **kw)
- yview_scroll(self, *args, **kw)
Methods inherited from Tkinter.BaseWidget:
- destroy(self)
- Destroy this and all descendants widgets.
Methods inherited from Tkinter.Misc:
- __contains__(self, key)
- __getitem__ = cget(self, key)
- Return the resource value for a KEY given as string.
- __setitem__(self, key, value)
- __str__(self)
- Return the window path name of this widget.
- after(self, ms, func=None, *args)
- Call function once after given time.
MS specifies the time in milliseconds. FUNC gives the
function which shall be called. Additional parameters
are given as parameters to the function call. Return
identifier to cancel scheduling with after_cancel.
- after_cancel(self, id)
- Cancel scheduling of function identified with ID.
Identifier returned by after or after_idle must be
given as first parameter.
- after_idle(self, func, *args)
- Call FUNC once if the Tcl main loop has no event to
process.
Return an identifier to cancel the scheduling with
after_cancel.
- bell(self, displayof=0)
- Ring a display's bell.
- bind_all(self, sequence=None, func=None, add=None)
- Bind to all widgets at an event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will
be called additionally to the other bound function or whether
it will replace the previous function. See bind for the return value.
- bind_class(self, className, sequence=None, func=None, add=None)
- Bind to widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME at event
SEQUENCE a call of function FUNC. An additional
boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be
called additionally to the other bound function or
whether it will replace the previous function. See bind for
the return value.
- bindtags(self, tagList=None)
- Set or get the list of bindtags for this widget.
With no argument return the list of all bindtags associated with
this widget. With a list of strings as argument the bindtags are
set to this list. The bindtags determine in which order events are
processed (see bind).
- clipboard_append(self, string, **kw)
- Append STRING to the Tk clipboard.
A widget specified at the optional displayof keyword
argument specifies the target display. The clipboard
can be retrieved with selection_get.
- clipboard_clear(self, **kw)
- Clear the data in the Tk clipboard.
A widget specified for the optional displayof keyword
argument specifies the target display.
- clipboard_get(self, **kw)
- Retrieve data from the clipboard on window's display.
The window keyword defaults to the root window of the Tkinter
application.
The type keyword specifies the form in which the data is
to be returned and should be an atom name such as STRING
or FILE_NAME. Type defaults to STRING, except on X11, where the default
is to try UTF8_STRING and fall back to STRING.
This command is equivalent to:
selection_get(CLIPBOARD)
- colormodel(self, value=None)
- Useless. Not implemented in Tk.
- columnconfigure = grid_columnconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw)
- Configure column INDEX of a grid.
Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the column),
weight (how much does additional space propagate to this column)
and pad (how much space to let additionally).
- configure(self, cnf=None, **kw)
- Configure resources of a widget.
The values for resources are specified as keyword
arguments. To get an overview about
the allowed keyword arguments call the method keys.
- deletecommand(self, name)
- Internal function.
Delete the Tcl command provided in NAME.
- event_add(self, virtual, *sequences)
- Bind a virtual event VIRTUAL (of the form <<Name>>)
to an event SEQUENCE such that the virtual event is triggered
whenever SEQUENCE occurs.
- event_delete(self, virtual, *sequences)
- Unbind a virtual event VIRTUAL from SEQUENCE.
- event_generate(self, sequence, **kw)
- Generate an event SEQUENCE. Additional
keyword arguments specify parameter of the event
(e.g. x, y, rootx, rooty).
- event_info(self, virtual=None)
- Return a list of all virtual events or the information
about the SEQUENCE bound to the virtual event VIRTUAL.
- focus = focus_set(self)
- Direct input focus to this widget.
If the application currently does not have the focus
this widget will get the focus if the application gets
the focus through the window manager.
- focus_displayof(self)
- Return the widget which has currently the focus on the
display where this widget is located.
Return None if the application does not have the focus.
- focus_get(self)
- Return the widget which has currently the focus in the
application.
Use focus_displayof to allow working with several
displays. Return None if application does not have
the focus.
- focus_lastfor(self)
- Return the widget which would have the focus if top level
for this widget gets the focus from the window manager.
- focus_set(self)
- Direct input focus to this widget.
If the application currently does not have the focus
this widget will get the focus if the application gets
the focus through the window manager.
- getboolean(self, s)
- Return a boolean value for Tcl boolean values true and false given as parameter.
- getvar(self, name='PY_VAR')
- Return value of Tcl variable NAME.
- grab_current(self)
- Return widget which has currently the grab in this application
or None.
- grab_release(self)
- Release grab for this widget if currently set.
- grab_set(self)
- Set grab for this widget.
A grab directs all events to this and descendant
widgets in the application.
- grab_set_global(self)
- Set global grab for this widget.
A global grab directs all events to this and
descendant widgets on the display. Use with caution -
other applications do not get events anymore.
- grab_status(self)
- Return None, "local" or "global" if this widget has
no, a local or a global grab.
- grid_bbox(self, column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None)
- Return a tuple of integer coordinates for the bounding
box of this widget controlled by the geometry manager grid.
If COLUMN, ROW is given the bounding box applies from
the cell with row and column 0 to the specified
cell. If COL2 and ROW2 are given the bounding box
starts at that cell.
The returned integers specify the offset of the upper left
corner in the master widget and the width and height.
- grid_columnconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw)
- Configure column INDEX of a grid.
Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the column),
weight (how much does additional space propagate to this column)
and pad (how much space to let additionally).
- grid_location(self, x, y)
- Return a tuple of column and row which identify the cell
at which the pixel at position X and Y inside the master
widget is located.
- grid_propagate(self, flag=['_noarg_'])
- Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information.
A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information
of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument
is given, the current setting will be returned.
- grid_rowconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw)
- Configure row INDEX of a grid.
Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the row),
weight (how much does additional space propagate to this row)
and pad (how much space to let additionally).
- grid_size(self)
- Return a tuple of the number of column and rows in the grid.
- grid_slaves(self, row=None, column=None)
- Return a list of all slaves of this widget
in its packing order.
- image_names(self)
- Return a list of all existing image names.
- image_types(self)
- Return a list of all available image types (e.g. phote bitmap).
- keys(self)
- Return a list of all resource names of this widget.
- lift = tkraise(self, aboveThis=None)
- Raise this widget in the stacking order.
- lower(self, belowThis=None)
- Lower this widget in the stacking order.
- mainloop(self, n=0)
- Call the mainloop of Tk.
- nametowidget(self, name)
- Return the Tkinter instance of a widget identified by
its Tcl name NAME.
- option_add(self, pattern, value, priority=None)
- Set a VALUE (second parameter) for an option
PATTERN (first parameter).
An optional third parameter gives the numeric priority
(defaults to 80).
- option_clear(self)
- Clear the option database.
It will be reloaded if option_add is called.
- option_get(self, name, className)
- Return the value for an option NAME for this widget
with CLASSNAME.
Values with higher priority override lower values.
- option_readfile(self, fileName, priority=None)
- Read file FILENAME into the option database.
An optional second parameter gives the numeric
priority.
- pack_propagate(self, flag=['_noarg_'])
- Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information.
A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information
of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument
is given the current setting will be returned.
- pack_slaves(self)
- Return a list of all slaves of this widget
in its packing order.
- place_slaves(self)
- Return a list of all slaves of this widget
in its packing order.
- propagate = pack_propagate(self, flag=['_noarg_'])
- Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information.
A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information
of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument
is given the current setting will be returned.
- quit(self)
- Quit the Tcl interpreter. All widgets will be destroyed.
- register = _register(self, func, subst=None, needcleanup=1)
- Return a newly created Tcl function. If this
function is called, the Python function FUNC will
be executed. An optional function SUBST can
be given which will be executed before FUNC.
- rowconfigure = grid_rowconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw)
- Configure row INDEX of a grid.
Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the row),
weight (how much does additional space propagate to this row)
and pad (how much space to let additionally).
- selection_clear(self, **kw)
- Clear the current X selection.
- selection_get(self, **kw)
- Return the contents of the current X selection.
A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of
the selection and defaults to PRIMARY. A keyword
parameter displayof specifies a widget on the display
to use. A keyword parameter type specifies the form of data to be
fetched, defaulting to STRING except on X11, where UTF8_STRING is tried
before STRING.
- selection_handle(self, command, **kw)
- Specify a function COMMAND to call if the X
selection owned by this widget is queried by another
application.
This function must return the contents of the
selection. The function will be called with the
arguments OFFSET and LENGTH which allows the chunking
of very long selections. The following keyword
parameters can be provided:
selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY),
type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME).
- selection_own(self, **kw)
- Become owner of X selection.
A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of
the selection (default PRIMARY).
- selection_own_get(self, **kw)
- Return owner of X selection.
The following keyword parameter can
be provided:
selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY),
type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME).
- send(self, interp, cmd, *args)
- Send Tcl command CMD to different interpreter INTERP to be executed.
- setvar(self, name='PY_VAR', value='1')
- Set Tcl variable NAME to VALUE.
- size = grid_size(self)
- Return a tuple of the number of column and rows in the grid.
- slaves = pack_slaves(self)
- Return a list of all slaves of this widget
in its packing order.
- tk_bisque(self)
- Change the color scheme to light brown as used in Tk 3.6 and before.
- tk_focusFollowsMouse(self)
- The widget under mouse will get automatically focus. Can not
be disabled easily.
- tk_focusNext(self)
- Return the next widget in the focus order which follows
widget which has currently the focus.
The focus order first goes to the next child, then to
the children of the child recursively and then to the
next sibling which is higher in the stacking order. A
widget is omitted if it has the takefocus resource set
to 0.
- tk_focusPrev(self)
- Return previous widget in the focus order. See tk_focusNext for details.
- tk_menuBar(self, *args)
- Do not use. Needed in Tk 3.6 and earlier.
- tk_setPalette(self, *args, **kw)
- Set a new color scheme for all widget elements.
A single color as argument will cause that all colors of Tk
widget elements are derived from this.
Alternatively several keyword parameters and its associated
colors can be given. The following keywords are valid:
activeBackground, foreground, selectColor,
activeForeground, highlightBackground, selectBackground,
background, highlightColor, selectForeground,
disabledForeground, insertBackground, troughColor.
- tk_strictMotif(self, boolean=None)
- Set Tcl internal variable, whether the look and feel
should adhere to Motif.
A parameter of 1 means adhere to Motif (e.g. no color
change if mouse passes over slider).
Returns the set value.
- tkraise(self, aboveThis=None)
- Raise this widget in the stacking order.
- unbind_all(self, sequence)
- Unbind for all widgets for event SEQUENCE all functions.
- unbind_class(self, className, sequence)
- Unbind for a all widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME for event SEQUENCE
all functions.
- update(self)
- Enter event loop until all pending events have been processed by Tcl.
- update_idletasks(self)
- Enter event loop until all idle callbacks have been called. This
will update the display of windows but not process events caused by
the user.
- wait_variable(self, name='PY_VAR')
- Wait until the variable is modified.
A parameter of type IntVar, StringVar, DoubleVar or
BooleanVar must be given.
- wait_visibility(self, window=None)
- Wait until the visibility of a WIDGET changes
(e.g. it appears).
If no parameter is given self is used.
- wait_window(self, window=None)
- Wait until a WIDGET is destroyed.
If no parameter is given self is used.
- waitvar = wait_variable(self, name='PY_VAR')
- Wait until the variable is modified.
A parameter of type IntVar, StringVar, DoubleVar or
BooleanVar must be given.
- winfo_atom(self, name, displayof=0)
- Return integer which represents atom NAME.
- winfo_atomname(self, id, displayof=0)
- Return name of atom with identifier ID.
- winfo_cells(self)
- Return number of cells in the colormap for this widget.
- winfo_children(self)
- Return a list of all widgets which are children of this widget.
- winfo_class(self)
- Return window class name of this widget.
- winfo_colormapfull(self)
- Return true if at the last color request the colormap was full.
- winfo_containing(self, rootX, rootY, displayof=0)
- Return the widget which is at the root coordinates ROOTX, ROOTY.
- winfo_depth(self)
- Return the number of bits per pixel.
- winfo_exists(self)
- Return true if this widget exists.
- winfo_fpixels(self, number)
- Return the number of pixels for the given distance NUMBER
(e.g. "3c") as float.
- winfo_geometry(self)
- Return geometry string for this widget in the form "widthxheight+X+Y".
- winfo_height(self)
- Return height of this widget.
- winfo_id(self)
- Return identifier ID for this widget.
- winfo_interps(self, displayof=0)
- Return the name of all Tcl interpreters for this display.
- winfo_ismapped(self)
- Return true if this widget is mapped.
- winfo_manager(self)
- Return the window mananger name for this widget.
- winfo_name(self)
- Return the name of this widget.
- winfo_parent(self)
- Return the name of the parent of this widget.
- winfo_pathname(self, id, displayof=0)
- Return the pathname of the widget given by ID.
- winfo_pixels(self, number)
- Rounded integer value of winfo_fpixels.
- winfo_pointerx(self)
- Return the x coordinate of the pointer on the root window.
- winfo_pointerxy(self)
- Return a tuple of x and y coordinates of the pointer on the root window.
- winfo_pointery(self)
- Return the y coordinate of the pointer on the root window.
- winfo_reqheight(self)
- Return requested height of this widget.
- winfo_reqwidth(self)
- Return requested width of this widget.
- winfo_rgb(self, color)
- Return tuple of decimal values for red, green, blue for
COLOR in this widget.
- winfo_rootx(self)
- Return x coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the
root window.
- winfo_rooty(self)
- Return y coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the
root window.
- winfo_screen(self)
- Return the screen name of this widget.
- winfo_screencells(self)
- Return the number of the cells in the colormap of the screen
of this widget.
- winfo_screendepth(self)
- Return the number of bits per pixel of the root window of the
screen of this widget.
- winfo_screenheight(self)
- Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of this widget
in pixel.
- winfo_screenmmheight(self)
- Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of
this widget in mm.
- winfo_screenmmwidth(self)
- Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of
this widget in mm.
- winfo_screenvisual(self)
- Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor,
staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the default
colormodel of this screen.
- winfo_screenwidth(self)
- Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of
this widget in pixel.
- winfo_server(self)
- Return information of the X-Server of the screen of this widget in
the form "XmajorRminor vendor vendorVersion".
- winfo_toplevel(self)
- Return the toplevel widget of this widget.
- winfo_viewable(self)
- Return true if the widget and all its higher ancestors are mapped.
- winfo_visual(self)
- Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor,
staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the
colormodel of this widget.
- winfo_visualid(self)
- Return the X identifier for the visual for this widget.
- winfo_visualsavailable(self, includeids=0)
- Return a list of all visuals available for the screen
of this widget.
Each item in the list consists of a visual name (see winfo_visual), a
depth and if INCLUDEIDS=1 is given also the X identifier.
- winfo_vrootheight(self)
- Return the height of the virtual root window associated with this
widget in pixels. If there is no virtual root window return the
height of the screen.
- winfo_vrootwidth(self)
- Return the width of the virtual root window associated with this
widget in pixel. If there is no virtual root window return the
width of the screen.
- winfo_vrootx(self)
- Return the x offset of the virtual root relative to the root
window of the screen of this widget.
- winfo_vrooty(self)
- Return the y offset of the virtual root relative to the root
window of the screen of this widget.
- winfo_width(self)
- Return the width of this widget.
- winfo_x(self)
- Return the x coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget
in the parent.
- winfo_y(self)
- Return the y coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget
in the parent.
Data and other attributes inherited from Tkinter.Misc:
- getdouble = <type 'float'>
- float(x) -> floating point number
Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.
- getint = <type 'int'>
- int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
Methods inherited from Tkinter.Pack:
- forget = pack_forget(self)
- Unmap this widget and do not use it for the packing order.
- info = pack_info(self)
- Return information about the packing options
for this widget.
- pack = pack_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw)
- Pack a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
after=widget - pack it after you have packed widget
anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position widget according to
given direction
before=widget - pack it before you will pack widget
expand=bool - expand widget if parent size grows
fill=NONE or X or Y or BOTH - fill widget if widget grows
in=master - use master to contain this widget
in_=master - see 'in' option description
ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
padx=amount - add padding in x direction
pady=amount - add padding in y direction
side=TOP or BOTTOM or LEFT or RIGHT - where to add this widget.
- pack_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw)
- Pack a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
after=widget - pack it after you have packed widget
anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position widget according to
given direction
before=widget - pack it before you will pack widget
expand=bool - expand widget if parent size grows
fill=NONE or X or Y or BOTH - fill widget if widget grows
in=master - use master to contain this widget
in_=master - see 'in' option description
ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
padx=amount - add padding in x direction
pady=amount - add padding in y direction
side=TOP or BOTTOM or LEFT or RIGHT - where to add this widget.
- pack_forget(self)
- Unmap this widget and do not use it for the packing order.
- pack_info(self)
- Return information about the packing options
for this widget.
Methods inherited from Tkinter.Place:
- place = place_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw)
- Place a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
in=master - master relative to which the widget is placed
in_=master - see 'in' option description
x=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position x of master
y=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position y of master
relx=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to width of master (1.0 is right edge)
rely=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to height of master (1.0 is bottom edge)
anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position anchor according to given direction
width=amount - width of this widget in pixel
height=amount - height of this widget in pixel
relwidth=amount - width of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to width of master (1.0 is the same width
as the master)
relheight=amount - height of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to height of master (1.0 is the same
height as the master)
bordermode="inside" or "outside" - whether to take border width of
master widget into account
- place_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw)
- Place a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
in=master - master relative to which the widget is placed
in_=master - see 'in' option description
x=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position x of master
y=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position y of master
relx=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to width of master (1.0 is right edge)
rely=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to height of master (1.0 is bottom edge)
anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position anchor according to given direction
width=amount - width of this widget in pixel
height=amount - height of this widget in pixel
relwidth=amount - width of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to width of master (1.0 is the same width
as the master)
relheight=amount - height of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
relative to height of master (1.0 is the same
height as the master)
bordermode="inside" or "outside" - whether to take border width of
master widget into account
- place_forget(self)
- Unmap this widget.
- place_info(self)
- Return information about the placing options
for this widget.
Methods inherited from Tkinter.Grid:
- grid = grid_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw)
- Position a widget in the parent widget in a grid. Use as options:
column=number - use cell identified with given column (starting with 0)
columnspan=number - this widget will span several columns
in=master - use master to contain this widget
in_=master - see 'in' option description
ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
padx=amount - add padding in x direction
pady=amount - add padding in y direction
row=number - use cell identified with given row (starting with 0)
rowspan=number - this widget will span several rows
sticky=NSEW - if cell is larger on which sides will this
widget stick to the cell boundary
- grid_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw)
- Position a widget in the parent widget in a grid. Use as options:
column=number - use cell identified with given column (starting with 0)
columnspan=number - this widget will span several columns
in=master - use master to contain this widget
in_=master - see 'in' option description
ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
padx=amount - add padding in x direction
pady=amount - add padding in y direction
row=number - use cell identified with given row (starting with 0)
rowspan=number - this widget will span several rows
sticky=NSEW - if cell is larger on which sides will this
widget stick to the cell boundary
- grid_forget(self)
- Unmap this widget.
- grid_info(self)
- Return information about the options
for positioning this widget in a grid.
- grid_remove(self)
- Unmap this widget but remember the grid options.
- location = grid_location(self, x, y)
- Return a tuple of column and row which identify the cell
at which the pixel at position X and Y inside the master
widget is located.
|
class Shape(__builtin__.object) |
| |
Data structure modeling shapes.
attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound"
attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple,
an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method.
|
| |
Methods defined here:
- __init__(self, type_, data=None)
- addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None)
- Add component to a shape of type compound.
Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs.
fill is the fillcolor of the component,
outline is the outline color of the component.
call (for a Shapeobject namend s):
-- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue")
Example:
>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
>>> s = Shape("compound")
>>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
>>> # .. add more components and then use register_shape()
Data descriptors defined here:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
- __weakref__
- list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
class Turtle(RawTurtle) |
| |
RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
|
| |
- Method resolution order:
- Turtle
- RawTurtle
- TPen
- TNavigator
- __builtin__.object
Methods defined here:
- __init__(self, shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
Methods inherited from RawTurtle:
- begin_fill(self)
- Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- begin_poly(self)
- Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
is first point of polygon.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
- clear(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
No arguments.
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
turtles are not affected.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.clear()
- clearstamp(self, stampid)
- Delete stamp with given stampid
Argument:
stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
- clearstamps(self, n=None)
- Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
Optional argument:
n -- an integer
If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
...
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()
- clone(self)
- Create and return a clone of the turtle.
No argument.
Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
and turtle properties.
Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
mick = Turtle()
joe = mick.clone()
- dot(self, size=None, *color)
- Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
Optional arguments:
size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
- end_fill(self)
- Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
- end_poly(self)
- Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
No argument.
Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.end_poly()
- fill(self, flag=None)
- Call fill(True) before drawing a shape to fill, fill(False) when done.
Optional argument:
flag -- True/False (or 1/0 respectively)
Call fill(True) before drawing the shape you want to fill,
and fill(False) when done.
When used without argument: return fillstate (True if filling,
False else)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fill(True)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.fill(False)
- get_poly(self)
- Return the lastly recorded polygon.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
- getpen = getturtle(self)
- Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
- getscreen(self)
- Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
No argument.
Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
- getturtle(self)
- Return the Turtleobject itself.
No argument.
Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
Example:
>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
>>> turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
- onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
it will replace a former binding.
Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
>>> def turn(x, y):
... left(360)
...
>>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
- ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
mouse-click event on that turtle.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
down).
- onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
num -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
... def glow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("red")
... def unglow(self,x,y):
... self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> joe = MyTurtle()
>>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
>>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
transparent.
- reset(self)
- Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
No argument.
,
Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
and set variables to the default values.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
- settiltangle(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
Optional argument:
angle -- number
Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- setundobuffer(self, size)
- Set or disable undobuffer.
Argument:
size -- an integer or None
If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
by the undo() function.
If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
- shape(self, name=None)
- Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
Optional argument:
name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
return name of current shape.
Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape()
'arrow'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'
- shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
- stamp(self)
- Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
No argument.
Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
13
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tilt(self, angle)
- Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
Argument:
angle - a number
Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
- tiltangle(self)
- Return the current tilt-angle.
No argument.
Return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the
orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle
(its direction of movement).
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
- tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None)
- Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... turtle.fd(dist)
... turtle.rt(90)
... dist += 2
- turtlesize = shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
- Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
Optional arguments:
stretch_wid : positive number
stretch_len : positive number
outline : positive number
Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
Set resizemode to "user".
If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
stretched according to its stretchfactors:
stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
- undo(self)
- undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
No argument.
undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
the undobuffer.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> for i in range(4):
... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
... turtle.undo()
...
- undobufferentries(self)
- Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> while undobufferentries():
... undo()
- window_height(self)
- Return the height of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_height()
480
- window_width(self)
- Returns the width of the turtle window.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_width()
640
- write(self, arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))
- Write text at the current turtle position.
Arguments:
arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
move (optional) -- True/False
align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
and with the given font.
If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
of the text. By default, move is False.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
Data and other attributes inherited from RawTurtle:
- screens = []
Methods inherited from TPen:
- color(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
Arguments:
Several input formats are allowed.
They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
color()
Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
by pencolor and fillcolor.
color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
to the given value.
color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
and analogously, if the other input format is used.
If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
is drawn with the newly set colors.
For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> colormode(255)
>>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
>>> color()
('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
- down = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- fillcolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the fillcolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- fillcolor()
Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- fillcolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- fillcolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- fillcolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set fillcolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
- hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- ht = hideturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle invisible.
Aliases: hideturtle | ht
No argument.
It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
- isdown(self)
- Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True
- isvisible(self)
- Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> print turtle.isvisible():
False
- pd = pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pen(self, pen=None, **pendict)
- Return or set the pen's attributes.
Arguments:
pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
**pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
listed keys as keywords.
Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
with the following key/value pairs:
"shown" : True/False
"pendown" : True/False
"pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
"pensize" : positive number
"speed" : number in range 0..10
"resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
"stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
"outline" : positive number
"tilt" : number
This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow","")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
>>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> p.pen()
{'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3}
- pencolor(self, *args)
- Return or set the pencolor.
Arguments:
Four input formats are allowed:
- pencolor()
Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
possibly in hex-number format (see example).
May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
- pencolor(colorstring)
s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
- pencolor((r, g, b))
*a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
- pencolor(r, g, b)
r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
are in the range 0..colormode
If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
with the newly set pencolor.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'#33cc8c'
- pendown(self)
- Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
Aliases: pendown | pd | down
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pendown()
- pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
- penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- pu = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- resizemode(self, rmode=None)
- Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
(Optional) Argument:
rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
Different resizemodes have the following effects:
- "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
corresponding to the value of pensize.
- "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
which are set by shapesize()
- "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
- showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- speed(self, speed=None)
- Return or set the turtle's speed.
Optional argument:
speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
If no argument is given: return current speed.
If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
speed is set to 0.
Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
'fastest' : 0
'fast' : 10
'normal' : 6
'slow' : 3
'slowest' : 1
speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
line drawing and turtle turning.
Attention:
speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.speed(3)
- st = showturtle(self)
- Makes the turtle visible.
Aliases: showturtle | st
No argument.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.showturtle()
- up = penup(self)
- Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
Aliases: penup | pu | up
No argument
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.penup()
- width = pensize(self, width=None)
- Set or return the line thickness.
Aliases: pensize | width
Argument:
width -- positive number
Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
is returned.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
Data descriptors inherited from TPen:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
- __weakref__
- list of weak references to the object (if defined)
Methods inherited from TNavigator:
- back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- backward = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- bk = back(self, distance)
- Move the turtle backward by distance.
Aliases: back | backward | bk
Argument:
distance -- a number
Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00, 0.00)
- circle(self, radius, extent=None, steps=None)
- Draw a circle with given radius.
Arguments:
radius -- a number
extent (optional) -- a number
steps (optional) -- an integer
Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
polygons.
call: circle(radius) # full circle
--or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
--or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
--or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
- degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0)
- Set angle measurement units to degrees.
Optional argument:
fullcircle - a number
Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is
360 degrees.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100
- distance(self, x, y=None)
- Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> pen = Turtle()
>>> pen.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(pen)
77.0
- fd = forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- forward(self, distance)
- Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
Aliases: forward | fd
Argument:
distance -- a number (integer or float)
Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
the turtle is headed.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)
- goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- heading(self)
- Return the turtle's current heading.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- home(self)
- Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
No arguments.
Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.home()
- left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- lt = left(self, angle)
- Turn turtle left by angle units.
Aliases: left | lt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0
- pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- position = pos(self)
- Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
Aliases: pos | position
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00, 240.00)
- radians(self)
- Set the angle measurement units to radians.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
90
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966
- right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- rt = right(self, angle)
- Turn turtle right by angle units.
Aliases: right | rt
Argument:
angle -- a number (integer or float)
Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0
- seth = setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setheading(self, to_angle)
- Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Aliases: setheading | seth
Argument:
to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
Here are some common directions in degrees:
standard - mode: logo-mode:
-------------------|--------------------
0 - east 0 - north
90 - north 90 - east
180 - west 180 - south
270 - south 270 - west
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90
- setpos = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setposition = goto(self, x, y=None)
- Move turtle to an absolute position.
Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
y -- a number None
call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00, 0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)
- setx(self, x)
- Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
Argument:
x -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00, 240.00)
- sety(self, y)
- Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
Argument:
y -- a number (integer or float)
Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
unchanged.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, 40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00, -10.00)
- towards(self, x, y=None)
- Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
Arguments:
x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
y -- a number None None
call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
--or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
--or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
--or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
modes - "standard" or "logo")
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.pos()
(10.00, 10.00)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0
- xcor(self)
- Return the turtle's x coordinate.
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.xcor()
50.0
- ycor(self)
- Return the turtle's y coordinate
---
No arguments.
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> reset()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.ycor()
86.6025403784
Data and other attributes inherited from TNavigator:
- DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
- DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
- DEFAULT_MODE = 'standard'
- START_ORIENTATION = {'logo': (0.00,1.00), 'standard': (1.00,0.00), 'world': (1.00,0.00)}
|
class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase) |
| |
Provides screen oriented methods like setbg etc.
Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and NOT
upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit -
which is Tkinter in this case.
|
| |
- Method resolution order:
- TurtleScreen
- TurtleScreenBase
- __builtin__.object
Methods defined here:
- __init__(self, cv, mode='standard', colormode=1.0, delay=10)
- addshape = register_shape(self, name, shape=None)
- bgcolor(self, *args)
- Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'orange'
>>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'#800080'
- bgpic(self, picname=None)
- Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage.
Optional argument:
picname -- a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic".
If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background.
If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present.
If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.bgpic()
'nopic'
>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
>>> screen.bgpic()
'landscape.gif'
- clear(self)
- Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen.
Reset empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background,
no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.clear()
Note: this method is not available as function.
- clearscreen = clear(self)
- colormode(self, cmode=None)
- Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255.
Optional argument:
cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255
r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.colormode()
1.0
>>> screen.colormode(255)
>>> pencolor(240,160,80)
- delay(self, delay=None)
- Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds.
Optional argument:
delay -- positive integer
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.delay(15)
>>> screen.delay()
15
- getcanvas(self)
- Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen.
No argument.
Example (for a Screen instance named screen):
>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()
>>> cv
<turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8>
- getshapes(self)
- Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.getshapes()
['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle']
- listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None)
- Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events)
No arguments.
Dummy arguments are provided in order
to be able to pass listen to the onclick method.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.listen()
- mode(self, mode=None)
- Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset.
Optional argument:
mode -- on of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world'
Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py.
Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics.
Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in
this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1.
If mode is not given, return the current mode.
Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles
------------|-------------------------|-------------------
'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise
'logo' upward (north) clockwise
Examples:
>>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north
>>> mode()
'logo'
- onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the
clicked point on the canvas.
num -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen
and a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> screen.onclick(goto)
>>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
>>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
>>> screen.onclick(None)
- onkey(self, fun, key)
- Bind fun to key-release event of key.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments
key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space")
In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
must have focus. (See method listen.)
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> def f():
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()
Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing
the up-arrow key, consequently drawing a hexagon
- onscreenclick = onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
- ontimer(self, fun, t=0)
- Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds.
Arguments:
fun -- a function with no arguments.
t -- a number >= 0
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> running = True
>>> def f():
... if running:
... fd(50)
... lt(60)
... screen.ontimer(f, 250)
...
>>> f() # makes the turtle marching around
>>> running = False
- register_shape(self, name, shape=None)
- Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist.
Arguments:
(1) name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None.
Installs the corresponding image shape.
!! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle,
!! so they do not display the heading of the turtle!
(2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple
of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding
polygon shape
(3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a
(compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding
compound shape.
To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename).
call: register_shape("turtle.gif")
--or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)))
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3)))
- reset(self)
- Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.
No argument.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.reset()
- resetscreen = reset(self)
- screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)
- Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on.
Optional arguments:
canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels
canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels
bg -- colorstring or color-tuple, new backgroundcolor
If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight)
Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of
the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts
of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!)
Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
>>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500)
>>> # e. g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)
- setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury)
- Set up a user defined coordinate-system.
Arguments:
llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas
urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas
Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary.
This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active,
all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.
But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear
distorted. (see Screen.mode())
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5)
>>> for _ in range(36):
... left(10)
... forward(0.5)
- tracer(self, n=None, delay=None)
- Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings.
Optional arguments:
n -- nonnegative integer
delay -- nonnegative integer
If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed.
(Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.)
Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay())
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
... fd(dist)
... rt(90)
... dist += 2
- turtles(self)
- Return the list of turtles on the screen.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.turtles()
[<turtle.Turtle object at 0x00E11FB0>]
- update(self)
- Perform a TurtleScreen update.
- window_height(self)
- Return the height of the turtle window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_height()
480
- window_width(self)
- Return the width of the turtle window.
Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen):
>>> screen.window_width()
640
Data descriptors inherited from TurtleScreenBase:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
- __weakref__
- list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
class Vec2D(__builtin__.tuple) |
| |
A 2 dimensional vector class, used as a helper class
for implementing turtle graphics.
May be useful for turtle graphics programs also.
Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!
Provides (for a, b vectors, k number):
a+b vector addition
a-b vector subtraction
a*b inner product
k*a and a*k multiplication with scalar
|a| absolute value of a
a.rotate(angle) rotation
|
| |
- Method resolution order:
- Vec2D
- __builtin__.tuple
- __builtin__.object
Methods defined here:
- __abs__(self)
- __add__(self, other)
- __getnewargs__(self)
- __mul__(self, other)
- __neg__(self)
- __repr__(self)
- __rmul__(self, other)
- __sub__(self, other)
- rotate(self, angle)
- rotate self counterclockwise by angle
Static methods defined here:
- __new__(cls, x, y)
Data descriptors defined here:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
Methods inherited from __builtin__.tuple:
- __contains__(...)
- x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x
- __eq__(...)
- x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y
- __ge__(...)
- x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y
- __getattribute__(...)
- x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name
- __getitem__(...)
- x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
- __getslice__(...)
- x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported.
- __gt__(...)
- x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y
- __hash__(...)
- x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)
- __iter__(...)
- x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)
- __le__(...)
- x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y
- __len__(...)
- x.__len__() <==> len(x)
- __lt__(...)
- x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y
- __ne__(...)
- x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y
- count(...)
- T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
- index(...)
- T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
| |