Orin  " There are summaries of some papers Masashi Wakamatsu wrote.

          If you read summaries and will be interseted in them, read 

          papers written in Japanese, please."




 8.The Sake Brewing Control Law at Foreign Trade Port City

   Nagasaki in the early Edo Period  {English Only}


          THE ACTA HUMANISTICA ET SCIENTIFICA UNIVERSITATIS SANGYO 

          KYOTIENSIS  VOLUME25 No.4  SOCIAL SCIENCE SERIES No.12

          (1995.3.30) pp.91-117




  　To make clear the characteristics of cities in the Edo period, it 

is important to use machi-bure−laws issued for the cities−.   But, 

Nagasaki machi-bure has not been published, so it is not enough to 

use it.

  This paper makes clear the characteristics of foreign trade port 

city Nagasaki by analyzing the sake brewing control law in

Nagasaki machi-bure.   Nagasaki developed so suddenly from a rural

village into an international city thanks to the foreign trade, that 

she experienced often rice shortages.   Nevertheless, in Nagasaki, 

it didn't always reduce rice quota for sake brewing.   In the later 

17th century, to restrict the outflow of gold and silver from 

Japan, it was necessary to brew sake for foreign merchant from 

China and Holland.   And, after the Edo government laid a tax on 

sake brewing in 1697, the export of sake was encouraged.




10.The Historical Development of Dietary Culture focused on

   Sea Cucumbers and Abalones  {Japanese}


          THE BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE CULTURE

          KYOTO SANGYO UNIVERSITY  No.1  (1996.3.31)  pp.128-161




    After the end of the 17th century, dried marine products -sea 

cucumbers, abalones, shark fins, sea tangle, and so on- were the 

most important exports from Nagasaki to China.   These marine products 

are being studied to show the foreign trade and circulation of these 

products, which the Edo government controlled during the Edo period, 

and the origin and collection in each fishing village.   So, I add the 

view of the dietary culture, and the greater time scale -from 

Jomon period to Edo period- analysis.

    Part I deals with the people's dietary consumption of sea cucumbers, 

abalones, and shark fins in Japan before the end of the 17th century, 

as shown through the following examples:

  1. Jomon period: relics of shell mounds

  2. 8c-9c: national taxes from every region

  3. Medieval age: diary of the nobles, goods of Port Hyogo, cookery, 

     presents

  4. 17th century: local special products, marketing

In Japan, people had not eaten shark fins, but had eaten the other two 

foods.   At first, these two foods were very exclusive, but gradually 

spread to the middle and lower classes, and various regions.   And at 

the beginning of the trade of these products with China, at the end of 

the 17th century, the demand for them increased greatly.

    Part II deals with the dried marine products in foreign trade 

with China.   At the end of the 17th century, the Edo government and 

Chinese merchants sought these marine products for new exports to China, 

and oversupply of them to China made the prices go down momentarily, 

and consumption of these marine products spread to the Chinese people.

But, in spite of various methods by the Edo government, the origin, 

collection, and export did not increase so much.   The reasons were 

cheap prices in fishing villages, the demand for them as food in Japan, 

the methods of the Chinese merchants-they bought abalones in the ratio 

of sea cucumbers-, and the difficulty of preserving these products.




12.The Establishment of Chinese Ginseng Trading Organizations  

   in 1735  {Japanese}


          THE BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE CULTURE

          KYOTO SANGYO UNIVERSITY  No.2 (1997.3.31)  pp.137-168




    The aim of this article is to make clear the conditions underlying 

the establishment of Chinese ginseng trading organizations at 

Nagasaki and Edo in 1735.

    At first, I discuss trends in studies related to this article.  

The study of Nagasaki foreign trade in the 18-19th centuries is now 

being active, and study of the Kyoho-era is proceeding at new points 

-Yoshimune's medical policy, domestic production about imported 

goods, and so on-.

    Part I deals with the trends of the import of ginseng from China

in 1661-1728 in detail, touching on the conditions in China, the case 

of ginseng imported from Korea, and Yoshimune's policy on medical

herbs at Nagasaki.  Ginseng imported from Korea decreased and the 

prices went up in the late 17th century, the Edo government started 

to pay attention to ginseng imported from China.  In spite of the fact 

that ginseng was a controlled good in China, the Edo government took a 

positive policy toward Chinese merchants' importation of ginseng, for 

example, establishing low import duties and good treatment of additional

imports, from the end of the 17th century.

    In part II, I introduce and analyze the application for the estab-

lishment of the Chinese ginseng trading organizations, which was written 

by Hosoi-Inabanokami, a governor of Nagasaki.  In these applications, 

the reasons of the establishment of the organizations were to aid the 

top officers at Nagasaki by generating profits from the orgaqnizations 

and to create a more stable supply of ginseng.  From the former reason, 

I suggest that the top officers at Nagasaki were concerned with the 

making these applications.  And, I add the fact of the poverty of 

Nagasaki and countermeasures of the governors of Nagasaki in 1730-34.

    Part III deals with the officers of the organizations and the cir-

culation of Chinese ginseng, including a comparison with the case of 

ginseng imported from Korea.  The Edo government thought it was very 

important to assure a stable supply of ginseng, and wanted to make a 

direct route for importing ginseng from Nagasaki to Edo, I argue.

   Finally, I say the next problem is to make clear the activities of 

Chinese ginseng trading organizatations by analyzing their account 

books.

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