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Antagonism and reconciliation between the Hindus and the Islams in Indian subcontinent

                                                     Shodo YAMAKAMI

     The arms race between India and Pakistan was recently been so hot and so serious
that the whole world should watch every move of the two nations in order to evade
the threat against disastrous war including nuclear one. It is likely to be said
that their conflicts are based on religious antagonism because there has been a
constant struggle for establishing religious supremacy in Indian subcontinent.
But this view is too superficial way of looking at historical phenomena in South
Asia. We should not overlook a historical fact that the Hindus and the Islams, not
only governing rulers but also ordinary citizens, were trying to be reconciled each other.
     In this paper I try to focus not on the conflict but on the reconciliation
between the Hindus and the Islams to study mainly from religious standpoint their
actual situations, or in other words, their co-existent relations of the past ten
centuries in Indian subcontinent. This will contribute to our understanding such
religious phenomena as will be expected to emerge in Asian countries in the coming
21st century.

*  Prologue
I  Political conflicts and citizens living through them
II  Reconsiling factors
 1  Sufis and sufism
 (1) Inevitability and popularity of sufism
 (2) Sufism in Indian subcontinent
  (i) Characteristics of the Sutanate government
  (ii) Sufis in India
 2  Hindu bhakti thought
 (1) Bhakti thought in Bhagavadgita
 (2) Transformation of bhakti thought
III  Attempt of reconciliation -- Guru Nanak and Sikhism
 1  Guru Nanak and his thought
 2  Nanak's followers and later Sikhism
*  Epilogue -- native factors in Indian subcontinent


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$B#1#2!K(B Irfan Habib $BGn;N$b$3$NE@$r6/D4$9$k!#CfBH!#(B
Cf. M.Mujeeb : The Indian Muslims, New Delhi, 1967, 1995(Re-edited), p.58.
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$B#1#5!K(B  Mujeeb, op.cit., p.137.
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$B#1#9!K(B Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. $B-8(B, Medieval Mystics of North India by
Kshitimohan Sen, Calcutta, 1956a, p.378.
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